Agency ▼ | City ▼ | County ▼ | State ▼ | Technology ▼ | Vendor ▼ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oakland Police Departmen | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Third-party Investigative Platforms | SoundThinking |
The Oakland Police Department has long used Forensic Logic's Coplink X, most recently renewing its contract in 2020. The company has since been purchased by SoundThinking and the product renamed to CrimeTracer.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Oakland Police Departmen State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Third-party Investigative Platforms Vendor: SoundThinking The Oakland Police Department has long used Forensic Logic's Coplink X, most recently renewing its contract in 2020. The company has since been purchased by SoundThinking and the product renamed to CrimeTracer.
Links:
|
|||||
Oakland Police Department | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Gunshot Detection | ShotSpotter |
The Oakland Police Department employs ShopSpotter gunshot detection technology.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Oakland Police Department State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Gunshot Detection Vendor: ShotSpotter The Oakland Police Department employs ShopSpotter gunshot detection technology.
Links:
|
|||||
Alameda County District Attorney's Office | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Cell-site Simulator | |
The Alameda County District Attorney's Office maintains a cell-site simulator, which shares with other agencies such as the Oakland Police Department and Fremont Police Department.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Alameda County District Attorney's Office State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Cell-site Simulator Vendor: The Alameda County District Attorney's Office maintains a cell-site simulator, which shares with other agencies such as the Oakland Police Department and Fremont Police Department.
Links:
|
|||||
Oakland Police Department | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Oakland Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. | |||||
Agency: Oakland Police Department State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Oakland Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. |
|||||
Alameda County Sheriff's Office | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Drones | Aircover, DJI, Aeryon |
The Alameda County Sheriff's Office’s Office operated drones as of 2021.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Alameda County Sheriff's Office State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Drones Vendor: Aircover, DJI, Aeryon The Alameda County Sheriff's Office’s Office operated drones as of 2021.
Links:
|
|||||
Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department officers are equipped with Axon body-worn cameras.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department officers are equipped with Axon body-worn cameras.
Links:
|
|||||
Oakland Police Department | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
The Oakland Police Department operates automated license plate readers and accesses external ALPR data from the California Highway Patrol. The CHP entered an agreement with Flock Safety in 2024 to install 290 automated license plate readers around Oakland.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Oakland Police Department State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety The Oakland Police Department operates automated license plate readers and accesses external ALPR data from the California Highway Patrol. The CHP entered an agreement with Flock Safety in 2024 to install 290 automated license plate readers around Oakland.
Links:
|
|||||
Alameda County Sheriff's Office | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Motorola Solutions |
The Alameda County Sheriff's Office collected more than 22,000,000 vehicle scans in 2022 using automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Alameda County Sheriff's Office State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Motorola Solutions The Alameda County Sheriff's Office collected more than 22,000,000 vehicle scans in 2022 using automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
BART Police | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The BART Police use Axon body-worn cameras.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: BART Police State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The BART Police use Axon body-worn cameras.
Links:
|
|||||
Alameda County Sheriff's Office | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Alameda County Sheriff's Office began using Axon body-worn cameras in June 2017.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Alameda County Sheriff's Office State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Alameda County Sheriff's Office began using Axon body-worn cameras in June 2017.
Links:
|
|||||
Oakland Police Department | Oakland | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Oakland Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Oakland Police Department State: CA City: Oakland County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Oakland Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras.
Links:
|
|||||
Newark Police Department | Newark | Alameda County | CA | Third-party Investigative Platforms | SoundThinking |
The Newark Police Department uses SoundThinking's CrimeTracer investigative platform. | |||||
Agency: Newark Police Department State: CA City: Newark County: Alameda County Technology: Third-party Investigative Platforms Vendor: SoundThinking The Newark Police Department uses SoundThinking's CrimeTracer investigative platform. |
|||||
California State University, East Bay University Police | Hayward | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
California State University, East Bay University Police Department has utilized body-worn cameras since at least 2019.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: California State University, East Bay University Police State: CA City: Hayward County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon California State University, East Bay University Police Department has utilized body-worn cameras since at least 2019.
Links:
|
|||||
Livermore Police Department | Livermore | Alameda County | CA | Predictive Policing | Geolitica |
According to reporting from The Markup, the Livermore Police Department used PredPol (now Geolitica) between 02/16/18 and 02/01/20.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Livermore Police Department State: CA City: Livermore County: Alameda County Technology: Predictive Policing Vendor: Geolitica According to reporting from The Markup, the Livermore Police Department used PredPol (now Geolitica) between 02/16/18 and 02/01/20.
Links:
|
|||||
Fremont Police Department | Fremont | Alameda County | CA | Video Analytics | BriefCam |
The Fremont Police Department began using Briefcam video analytics in 2016. | |||||
Agency: Fremont Police Department State: CA City: Fremont County: Alameda County Technology: Video Analytics Vendor: BriefCam The Fremont Police Department began using Briefcam video analytics in 2016. |
|||||
Fremont Police Department | Fremont | Alameda County | CA | Video Analytics | IntelliSite |
The Fremont Police Department uses video analytics in combination with IntelliSite Remote Surveillance Units. | |||||
Agency: Fremont Police Department State: CA City: Fremont County: Alameda County Technology: Video Analytics Vendor: IntelliSite The Fremont Police Department uses video analytics in combination with IntelliSite Remote Surveillance Units. |
|||||
Livermore Police Department | Livermore | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Livermore Police Department purchased 100 Axon body-worn cameras in 2014.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Livermore Police Department State: CA City: Livermore County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Livermore Police Department purchased 100 Axon body-worn cameras in 2014.
Links:
|
|||||
Dublin Police Department | Dublin | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Dublin Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. | |||||
Agency: Dublin Police Department State: CA City: Dublin County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Dublin Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. |
|||||
Berkeley Police Department | Berkeley | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Berkley Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. | |||||
Agency: Berkeley Police Department State: CA City: Berkeley County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Berkley Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. |
|||||
Hayward Police Department | Hayward | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Hayward Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. | |||||
Agency: Hayward Police Department State: CA City: Hayward County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Hayward Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras. |
|||||
Newark Police Department | Newark | Alameda County | CA | Drones | DJI |
The Newark Police Department operated four DJI drones as of 2024.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Newark Police Department State: CA City: Newark County: Alameda County Technology: Drones Vendor: DJI The Newark Police Department operated four DJI drones as of 2024.
Links:
|
|||||
Fremont Police Department | Fremont | Alameda County | CA | Drones | DJI |
The Fremont Police Department operates a Drone as First Responder (DFR) program.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Fremont Police Department State: CA City: Fremont County: Alameda County Technology: Drones Vendor: DJI The Fremont Police Department operates a Drone as First Responder (DFR) program.
Links:
|
|||||
Union City Police Department | Union City | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | Motorola Solutions |
The Union City Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras through Motorola Solutions' CityProtect platform. | |||||
Agency: Union City Police Department State: CA City: Union City County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: Motorola Solutions The Union City Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private and personal surveillance cameras through Motorola Solutions' CityProtect platform. |
|||||
Pleasanton Police Department | Pleasanton | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Pleasanton Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private surveillan
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Pleasanton Police Department State: CA City: Pleasanton County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Pleasanton Police Department maintains a voluntary registry of private surveillan
Links:
|
|||||
Pleasanton Police Services | Pleasanton | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Pleasanton Police Department spent $1.5 million on body-worn cameras and Tasers from Axon in 2020.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Pleasanton Police Services State: CA City: Pleasanton County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Pleasanton Police Department spent $1.5 million on body-worn cameras and Tasers from Axon in 2020.
Links:
|
|||||
Union City Police Department | Union City | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
As of April 2024, the Union City Police Department operates 20 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Union City Police Department State: CA City: Union City County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety As of April 2024, the Union City Police Department operates 20 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
San Leandro Police Department | San Leandro | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
As of April 2024, the San Leandro Police Department operates 51 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: San Leandro Police Department State: CA City: San Leandro County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety As of April 2024, the San Leandro Police Department operates 51 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Pleasanton Police Department | Pleasanton | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety, Motorola Solutions |
The Pleasanton Police Department uses Flock Safety and Motorola Solutions (formerly Vigilant Solutions) automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Pleasanton Police Department State: CA City: Pleasanton County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety, Motorola Solutions The Pleasanton Police Department uses Flock Safety and Motorola Solutions (formerly Vigilant Solutions) automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Piedmont Police Department | Piedmont | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
As of April 2024, the Piedmont Police Department operates 53 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Piedmont Police Department State: CA City: Piedmont County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety As of April 2024, the Piedmont Police Department operates 53 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Newark Police Department | Newark | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
The Newark Police Department uses Flock Safety autoamted license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Newark Police Department State: CA City: Newark County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety The Newark Police Department uses Flock Safety autoamted license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Livermore Police Department | Livermore | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Motorola Solutions |
The Livermore Police Department uses Motorola Solutions automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Livermore Police Department State: CA City: Livermore County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Motorola Solutions The Livermore Police Department uses Motorola Solutions automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Hayward Police Department | Hayward | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety, Motorola Solutions |
The Hayward Police Department uses both Flock Safety and Motorola Solutions (formerly Vigilant Solutions) automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Hayward Police Department State: CA City: Hayward County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety, Motorola Solutions The Hayward Police Department uses both Flock Safety and Motorola Solutions (formerly Vigilant Solutions) automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Fremont Police Department | Fremont | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | |
The Fremont Police Department uses stationary and mobile license plate readers. | |||||
Agency: Fremont Police Department State: CA City: Fremont County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: The Fremont Police Department uses stationary and mobile license plate readers. |
|||||
Emeryville Police Department | Emeryville | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Motorola Solutions |
The Emeryville Police Department collected more than 499,000 vehicle scans in 2022 using automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Emeryville Police Department State: CA City: Emeryville County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Motorola Solutions The Emeryville Police Department collected more than 499,000 vehicle scans in 2022 using automated license plate readers.
Links:
|
|||||
Berkeley Police Department | Berkeley | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
The Berkeley Police Department planned to install 52 Flock Safety automated license plate readers in 2023. In 2022, the agency collected more than 2,600,000 license plate scans using its previous systems.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Berkeley Police Department State: CA City: Berkeley County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety The Berkeley Police Department planned to install 52 Flock Safety automated license plate readers in 2023. In 2022, the agency collected more than 2,600,000 license plate scans using its previous systems.
Links:
|
|||||
Alameda Police Department | Alameda | Alameda County | CA | Automated License Plate Readers | Flock Safety |
As of April 2024, the Alameda Police Department operates 33 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Alameda Police Department State: CA City: Alameda County: Alameda County Technology: Automated License Plate Readers Vendor: Flock Safety As of April 2024, the Alameda Police Department operates 33 Flock Safety automated license plate readers. The agency stores ALPR data for 30 days.
Links:
|
|||||
Emeryville Police Department | Emeryville | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | |
The U.S. Department of Justice awarded $67,500 to the Emeryville Police Department in 2018 as part of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's body-worn camera grant program. | |||||
Agency: Emeryville Police Department State: CA City: Emeryville County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: The U.S. Department of Justice awarded $67,500 to the Emeryville Police Department in 2018 as part of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's body-worn camera grant program. |
|||||
University of California Berkeley Police Department | Berkeley | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The UC Berkeley Police Department's Facebook page features officers wearing the Axon Body 2 camera as of May 2020. | |||||
Agency: University of California Berkeley Police Department State: CA City: Berkeley County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The UC Berkeley Police Department's Facebook page features officers wearing the Axon Body 2 camera as of May 2020. |
|||||
San Leandro Police Department | San Leandro | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The San Leandro Police Department website includes a camera registration page. | |||||
Agency: San Leandro Police Department State: CA City: San Leandro County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The San Leandro Police Department website includes a camera registration page. |
|||||
Newark Police Department | Newark | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Newark Police Department encourages residents to register surveillance cameras with them to assist the police department in deterring criminal activity and capturing violators. | |||||
Agency: Newark Police Department State: CA City: Newark County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Newark Police Department encourages residents to register surveillance cameras with them to assist the police department in deterring criminal activity and capturing violators. |
|||||
Livermore Police Department | Livermore | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Livermore Police Department asks residents to register their private video surveillance at their home or business and allow officers to contact them should a crime occur in or near where your cameras are installed. | |||||
Agency: Livermore Police Department State: CA City: Livermore County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Livermore Police Department asks residents to register their private video surveillance at their home or business and allow officers to contact them should a crime occur in or near where your cameras are installed. |
|||||
Albany Police Department | Albany | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Albany Police Department launched a voluntary security camera registration program for residential and commercial security cameras in January 2020. | |||||
Agency: Albany Police Department State: CA City: Albany County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Albany Police Department launched a voluntary security camera registration program for residential and commercial security cameras in January 2020. |
|||||
Alameda Police Department | Alameda | Alameda County | CA | Camera Registry | |
The Alameda Police Department maintain a voluntary camera registry called We Share Electronic Evidence (We SEE).
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Alameda Police Department State: CA City: Alameda County: Alameda County Technology: Camera Registry Vendor: The Alameda Police Department maintain a voluntary camera registry called We Share Electronic Evidence (We SEE).
Links:
|
|||||
Union City Police Department | Union City | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | CopVu/Vievu |
The Union City Police Department's Facebook page includes photos of officers wearing Vievu LE5 body-cams.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Union City Police Department State: CA City: Union City County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: CopVu/Vievu The Union City Police Department's Facebook page includes photos of officers wearing Vievu LE5 body-cams.
Links:
|
|||||
San Leandro Police Department | San Leandro | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The San Leandro Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras. | |||||
Agency: San Leandro Police Department State: CA City: San Leandro County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The San Leandro Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras. |
|||||
Pleasanton Police Department | Pleasanton | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Pleasanton Police Department purchased 86 Axon body-worn cameras in July 2015.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Pleasanton Police Department State: CA City: Pleasanton County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Pleasanton Police Department purchased 86 Axon body-worn cameras in July 2015.
Links:
|
|||||
Piedmont Police Department | Piedmont | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Piedmont Police Department uses body-worn cameras. | |||||
Agency: Piedmont Police Department State: CA City: Piedmont County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Piedmont Police Department uses body-worn cameras. |
|||||
Newark Police Department | Newark | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | VieVu |
The Newark Police Departmentpurchased 65 body-worn cameras from Vievu in May 2018. | |||||
Agency: Newark Police Department State: CA City: Newark County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: VieVu The Newark Police Departmentpurchased 65 body-worn cameras from Vievu in May 2018. |
|||||
Livermore Police Department | Livermore | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Livermore Police Department began equipping all of its officers with body-worn cameras in April 2015. | |||||
Agency: Livermore Police Department State: CA City: Livermore County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Livermore Police Department began equipping all of its officers with body-worn cameras in April 2015. |
|||||
Hayward Police Department | Hayward | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Hayward Police Department began using body-worn cameras in January 2016.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Hayward Police Department State: CA City: Hayward County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Hayward Police Department began using body-worn cameras in January 2016.
Links:
|
|||||
Fremont Police Department | Fremont | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | WatchGuard |
The Fremont Police Department issued body-worn cameras to all sworn officers and non-sworn Animal Service Officers and Community Service Officers in November 2018. | |||||
Agency: Fremont Police Department State: CA City: Fremont County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: WatchGuard The Fremont Police Department issued body-worn cameras to all sworn officers and non-sworn Animal Service Officers and Community Service Officers in November 2018. |
|||||
Emeryville Police Department | Emeryville | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Emeryville Police Department began using Vievu body-worn cameras in August 2015. The U.S. Department of Justice awarded $67,500 to the Emeryville Police Department in 2018 as part of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's body-worn camera grant program.
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Emeryville Police Department State: CA City: Emeryville County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Emeryville Police Department began using Vievu body-worn cameras in August 2015. The U.S. Department of Justice awarded $67,500 to the Emeryville Police Department in 2018 as part of the Bureau of Justice Assistance's body-worn camera grant program.
Links:
|
|||||
Berkeley Police Department | Berkeley | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Berkeley Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras
Links:
|
|||||
Agency: Berkeley Police Department State: CA City: Berkeley County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Berkeley Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras
Links:
|
|||||
Albany Police Department | Albany | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
Albany Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras. | |||||
Agency: Albany Police Department State: CA City: Albany County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon Albany Police Department uses Axon body-worn cameras. |
|||||
Alameda Police Department | Alameda | Alameda County | CA | Body-worn Cameras | Axon |
The Alameda Police Department's policy manual indicates that all uniformed officers use body-worn cameras when in the field. | |||||
Agency: Alameda Police Department State: CA City: Alameda County: Alameda County Technology: Body-worn Cameras Vendor: Axon The Alameda Police Department's policy manual indicates that all uniformed officers use body-worn cameras when in the field. |